SPRUCE BIOSCIENCES INC

Spruce Biosciences Inc. is a late-stage biopharmaceutical company developing novel therapies for endocrine disorders. The company’s drug development pipeline relies on animal testing as a standard component of its preclinical research and regulatory submission process. This activity is a core, non-negotiable element of bringing its pharmaceutical candidates to market, as acknowledged in its public risk disclosures which cite opposition from animal rights groups.

The company’s SEC filings explicitly identify “animal testing” as a material business risk, noting that efforts by animal rights organizations to restrict such testing could adversely impact its operations and development timelines. Spruce Biosciences is listed by Cruelty Free Investors among “Companies That Exploit Animals” for its engagement in this practice. No public commitment to adopt or transition to animal-free testing methodologies (New Approach Methodologies) has been disclosed by the company.