Titan Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Titan Pharmaceuticals, Inc. is a biotechnology company whose core business model relies on animal testing for drug development and regulatory approval. The company's pipeline and published research explicitly involve in vivo studies using animal models. For instance, in June 2021, Titan announced positive results from an in vivo study of its drug candidate TP-2021, a human kappa-opioid receptor agonist, which was tested in animal models. Its registration documents confirm that advancing an Investigational New Drug application requires the completion of animal testing.

This reliance on animal experimentation is fundamental to the company's operations. Titan's research collaborations, such as a 2015 study transplanting human retinal pigment epithelial cells, utilized cells sourced from the company and were conducted under institutional animal care protocols, indicating ongoing use of animals in its affiliated research. As a preclinical-stage pharmaceutical company, animal testing is not an ancillary activity but a central, unavoidable component of its product development cycle.